Fallacies are flaws that weaken arguments. A fallacy involves using faulty reasoning or making a "wrong move" in constructing an argument. People often employ fallacies to manipulate or persuade others.

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1. Red herring

A red herring is a premise that seems to support the conclusion, but is really irrelevant.

Ex: Cheerios has more vitamins than PC brand Oat Rings; look how nice the box is!

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2. Ad hominem attack

Attacking the person not the argument

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3. False dilemma/False dichotomy

Suggest there are only two choices, when in fact there are more

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4. Appeal to pity

Ex: If vaping is dangerous it would be so sad. Therefore it isn't dangerous.

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5. Ignorance

Your lack of proof about something’s truth does guarantee its falsity

Your ignorance about something’s falsity doesn't guarantee the truth

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6. Popularity

Ex. A lot of people say that Covid isn’t dangerous, so it isn’t++

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7. Inappropriate authority

Your authority source must be relevant to the issue you are investigating

Ex: Donald trump’s uncle was a doctor so he is definitely right about covid

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8. Begging the question

Circular reasoning: The premise assumes the conclusion’s truth

Ex: Vaping isn't dangerous so it must be ok to vape

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9. Hasty generalization

Not enough data

Ex: There was a study with seven people who vaped and they were all ok, so vaping is not dangerous

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10. Slippery slope

Not link between premises

Ex: Coffee has caffeine. Caffeine is a drug. If you get used to drinking coffee, you will then smoke, then do heroin and overdose. Therefore don't drink coffee.

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11. Equivocation

A fallacy depending on the double meaning of a word

Ex: I have the right to watch “Law and Orders” and “Criminal minds”. Therefore its right for me to watch these shows.

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